Judo 🕺🏻

Judo (Japanese: 柔道, Hepburn: Jūdō, lit. ‘gentle way’) is an unarmed modern Japanese martial art, Olympic sport (since 1964), and the most prominent form of jacket wrestling competed internationally. Judo was created in 1882 by Kanō Jigorō (嘉納 治五郎) as an eclectic martial art, distinguishing itself from its predecessors (primarily Tenjin Shinyo-ryu jujutsu and Kitō-ryū jujutsu) due to an emphasis on “randori” (乱取り, lit. ‘free sparring’) instead of “kata” (pre-arranged forms) alongside its removal of striking and weapon training elements.

Judo rose to prominence for its dominance over established jujutsu schools in tournaments hosted by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department (警視庁武術大会, Keishicho Bujutsu Taikai), resulting in its adoption as the department’s primary martial art. A judo practitioner is called a “judoka” (柔道家, jūdōka, lit. ‘judo performer’), and the judo uniform is called “judogi” (柔道着, jūdōgi, lit. ‘judo attire’).

The objective of competitive judo is to throw an opponent, immobilize them with a pin, or force an opponent to submit with a joint lock or a choke. While strikes and use of weapons are included in some pre-arranged forms (kata), they are not frequently trained and are illegal in judo competition or free practice. Judo’s international governing body is the International Judo Federation, and competitors compete in the international IJF professional circuit.

Judo’s philosophy revolves around two primary principles: “Seiryoku-Zenyo” (精力善用, lit. ‘maximum efficient use of energy’) and “Jita-Kyoei” (自他共栄, lit. ‘mutual welfare and benefit’). The philosophy and subsequent pedagogy developed for judo became the model for other modern Japanese martial arts that developed from koryū (古流, traditional schools). Judo also spawned a number of derivative martial arts around the world, such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Krav Maga, sambo, and ARB. Judo also influenced other combat styles such as close-quarters combat (CQC), mixed martial arts (MMA), shoot wrestling and submission wrestling.

起源

柔术大约在战国时代末年出现。

《老子・道德经》:“天下莫弱于水,而攻坚强者莫之能胜,以其无以易之。弱之胜强,之胜刚,天下莫不知莫能行。”

日本的柔道是以“起倒流”为基础改创的。现代柔道是以起倒流为主的衍生体。起倒流的很多规则,在现代柔道中还经常可以看到。嘉纳治五郎于1882年改良日本古武道柔术而发展出来一套运动,他说:“柔道是最有效使用身心之道。其修行是以攻击防御的练习来锻炼休养身体精神,并体会该运动的精髓。如此来完成大我并对世界有所补益,乃柔道修行的最终目的。

技术

柔道的技可以分为3种:分别是投技(摔掷使对手跌倒的技巧)、固技(对手跌倒后,限制对手行动)及当身技(攻击技巧),柔道以其投技及固技著名。柔道练习者一般也会花一些时间练习受身,也就是不会造成重大伤害的安全跌倒方式。受身有包括后受身(后滚翻)、横受身(侧后滚翻)、前受身(前滚翻)等。柔道展示中展示技(投技、固技或当身技)的会称为取方,展示受身的则会称为受方

投技

投技中包括了所有摔掷或绊倒对手(受方)的技术,一般目的是使受方的背部朝下躺在地上。一般包括以下三个步骤:

  • 破势(Kuzushi,崩し):先破坏对方平衡。
  • 取位(Tsukuri,作り):转身开始摔掷。
  • 施术(Kake,挂け):进行及完成摔掷。

投技一般的练习会用一种日文称为uchi komi(内込)的方式,重复破坏平衡、转身开始摔掷的动作,但不实际进行摔掷。投技又可以分为二种:一种是立技,取方在站立姿势下摔掷对手,另一种则是舍身技,取方为了摔掷受方,自己先行跌倒。立技又可以进一步分为用手臂摔掷受方的手技、利用腰部上移摔掷受方的腰技、利用腿移摔掷受方的足技。

固技

固技可以进一步再细分为绊倒及将对方压制在地的压制技、利用锁喉或strangling使对方屈服的绞技、及对关节施力使其疼痛的关节技。另一个相关的概念称为寝技,是在非站立姿势下使用的技巧。在竞技柔道中只允许对肘关节的关节技。