Taekwondo ๐Ÿง˜โ€โ™€๏ธ

Taekwondo, Tae Kwon Do or Taekwon-Do (/หŒtaษชkwษ’nหˆdoสŠ, หŒtaษชหˆkwษ’ndoสŠ/; Korean: ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„/่ท†ๆ‹ณ้“) is a Korean form of martial arts involving punching and kicking techniques, with emphasis on head-height kicks, spinning jump kicks, and fast kicking techniques. The literal translation for tae kwon do is โ€œkickingโ€, โ€œpunchingโ€, and โ€œthe art or way ofโ€. They are a kind of martial arts in which one attacks or defends with hands and feet anytime or anywhere, with occasional use of weapons. The physical training undertaken in Taekwondo is purposeful and fosters strength of mind through mental armament.

The word โ€œTaeโ€œ โ€œKwonโ€œ โ€œDoโ€œ is composed of three parts as shown in the English spelling, though it is one word in Korean. โ€œTaeโ€ means โ€œfoot,โ€ โ€œleg,โ€ or โ€œto step onโ€; โ€œKwonโ€ means โ€œfist,โ€ or โ€œfightโ€; and โ€œDoโ€ means the โ€œwayโ€ or โ€œdiscipline.โ€ If we put these three parts together, we can see two important concepts behind โ€œTae Kwon Doโ€.

  • First, Taekwondo is the right way of using Tae and Kwon โ€˜fists and feet,โ€™ or all the parts of the body that are represented by fists and feet.
  • Second, it is a way to control or calm down fights and keep the peace.
    This concept comes from the meaning of Tae Kwon โ€˜to put fists under controlโ€™ [or โ€˜to step on fistsโ€™]. Thus Taekwondo means โ€œthe right way of using all parts of the body to stop fights and help to build a better and more peaceful world.โ€

Taekwondo practitioners wear a uniform, known as a dobok. It is a combat sport and was developed during the 1940s and 1950s by Korean martial artists with experience in martial arts such as karate, Chinese martial arts, and indigenous Korean martial arts traditions such as Taekkyon, Subak, and Gwonbeop.

The oldest governing body for Taekwondo is the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA), formed in 1959 through a collaborative effort by representatives from the nine original kwans, or martial arts schools, in Korea. The main international organisational bodies for Taekwondo today are the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF), founded by Choi Hong-hi in 1966, and the partnership of the Kukkiwon and World Taekwondo (WT, formerly World Taekwondo Federation or WTF), founded in 1972 and 1973 respectively by the Korea Taekwondo Association. Gyeorugi (/kjสŒษพuษกi/), a type of full-contact sparring, has been an Olympic event since 2000. In 2018, the South Korean government officially designated Taekwondo as Koreaโ€™s national martial art.

Taekwondo can be characterized by unity: the unity of body, mind, and life, and the unity of the pose [โ€œpoomsaeโ€œ] and confrontation, and cracking down. When you do Taekwondo, you should make your mind peaceful and synchronize your mind with your movements, and extend this harmony to your life and society. This is how in Taekwondo the principle of physical movements, the principle of mind training, and the principle of life become one and the same. On the other hand, the right poomsae lead to the right confrontation, which will eventually produce great destructive power.

In taekwondo, taegeuk is a set of Pumsae (also known as Poomsae or Poomse), or defined pattern of defense-and-attack forms used to teach taekwondo.

Between 1967 and 1971, Kukkiwon-style taekwondo made use of an older set of forms called the palgwae forms developed by the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA) with input from some of the original nine kwans of taekwondo. By 1970, additional kwans had joined the KTA so the newer set of taegeuk forms was developed to better represent inputs from all the participating kwans. By 1971, the palgwae forms were considered to be deprecated in favor of the newer taegeuk forms, though some schools still teach palgwae forms as well. All World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) Pumsae competitions use the taegeuk pumsae, along with 8 of the black belt Pumsae.

To gain a black belt, a student generally must know all eight Taegeuk Poomsae and also be able to perform all of them consecutively with no breaks in between.

Poomsae

Name Symbol Techniques
8th Geup [yellow belt] ํƒœ๊ทน 1์žฅ (Taegeuk Il Jang) โ˜ฐ, โ€œๅคฉโ€, โ€œ๊ฑดโ€, โ€œHeaven, Lightโ€ Walking stance Front stance (also called long stance) Low block Inside block (also called middle block) High block Middle punch Front kick (also called front snap kick)
7th Geup [yellow-green belt]) ํƒœ๊ทน 2์žฅ (Taegeuk Ee Jang) โ˜ฑ, โ€œๆพคโ€, โ€œํƒœโ€, โ€œLakeโ€ High punch
6th Geup [green belt] ํƒœ๊ทน 3์žฅ (Taegeuk Sam Jang) โ˜ฒ, โ€œ็ซโ€, โ€œ์ดโ€, โ€œFireโ€ Back stance Knifehand middle block Knifehand neck strike
5th Geup [green-blue belt] ํƒœ๊ทน 4์žฅ (Taegeuk Sa Jang) โ˜ณ, โ€œ้›ทโ€, โ€œ์ง„โ€, โ€œThunderโ€ Double knifehand block High knifehand block Palm block Back fist strike Spearhand strike Side kick
4th Geup [blue belt] ํƒœ๊ทน 5์žฅ (Taegeuk Oh Jang) โ˜ด, โ€œ้ขจโ€, โ€œ์†โ€, โ€œWindโ€ Cross stance L-Shape Stance or right and left stance Outside block Hammer fist Elbow strike
3th Geup [blue-red belt] ํƒœ๊ทน 6์žฅ (Taegeuk Yook Jang) โ˜ต, โ€œๆฐดโ€, โ€œ๊ฐโ€, โ€œWaterโ€ Outer forearm block Double wedge block (also called opening block) Roundhouse kick
2th Geup [red belt] ํƒœ๊ทน 7์žฅ (Taegeuk Chil Jang) โ˜ถ, โ€œๅฑฑโ€, โ€œ๊ฐ„โ€, โ€œMountainโ€ Tiger stance Horse stance Lower knifehand block Double block Knee strike Double upset punch (i.e., uppercut) Crescent kick
1th Geup [red-black belt] ํƒœ๊ทน 8์žฅ (Taegeuk Pal Jang) โ˜ท, โ€œๅœฐโ€, โ€œ๊ณคโ€, โ€œEarthโ€ Mountain stance Jumping front snap kick

์—ญ์‚ฌ

1945๋…„ ์ผ์ œ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ์„ ์ „ํ›„ํ•ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌด์ˆ  ๋„์žฅ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์†Œ์œ„ โ€˜5๋Œ€๊ด€โ€™(์ฒญ๋„๊ด€, ์†ก๋ฌด๊ด€, ๋ฌด๋•๊ด€, ์ง€๋„๊ด€, ์ฐฝ๋ฌด๊ด€)์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๋„์žฅ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๊ธด 9๊ฐœ๊ด€์ด 1960๋…„๋Œ€์— ํ•ฉ์ณ์ ธ์„œ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„์˜ ๋ชจ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค.

ํŠนํžˆ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋„์žฅ์€ ์ฒญ๋„๊ด€๊ณผ ๋ฌด๋•๊ด€์œผ๋กœ, ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„์žฅ์ธ ์ฒญ๋„๊ด€์€ ์ด์›๊ตญ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ์„œ์šธ ์•ˆ๊ตญ๋™์—์„œ ํƒ๊ฒฌ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ จํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํ•™์„ ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€๋ผํ…Œ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ํ›„๋‚˜์ฝ”์‹œ ๊ธฐ์นœ์—๊ฒŒ ์†ก๋„๊ด€ ๊ฐ€๋ผํ…Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ ๋ฌด์ˆ ๋กœ๋„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋“ฏ. ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฟตํ‘ธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋„์žฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ จ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์€ ๊ฐ€๋ผํ…Œ ๋„์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ด์›๊ตญ์€ ๋ณธ์ธ์„ ํ•œ๊ตญ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„ ์ฐฝ์‹œ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ง€์นญํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

๋‹น์‹œ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„์žฅ์ด๋˜ ๋ฌด๋•๊ด€(1953๋…„๊ณผ 1970๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ „์ฒด ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„ ์ˆ˜๋ จ์ž์˜ ์•ฝ 75%๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋•๊ด€์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค) ์€ ํ™ฉ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ํƒ๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ , ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ํƒœ๊ทน๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์ฟตํ‘ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค. (๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ด ์˜์‹ฌ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฅ๋‹จ์ถœ์‹ ์ธ ํ™ฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์„œ์šธ ๋ฌด์ˆ ์ธ ํƒ๊ฒฌ์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋„ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์ค‘๊ฐ€์„œ๋Š” ํƒ๊ฒฌ์€ ํ˜•์ด ์—†์–ด ๋ฌด์ˆ ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š”์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋น„ํŒํ•œ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.) ๊ฐ€๋ผํ…Œ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฐฐ์šด ์ ์€ ์—†๊ณ  ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ์€ ์ ์€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต๋ฌด์˜ˆ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์•„ ๋‹น์ˆ˜๋„๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋„์žฅ ๋ช…์นญ์„ ์ดํ›„ ํ™”์ˆ˜๋„, ์ˆ˜๋ฐ•๋„ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ๋ณธ์ธ ์ฃผ์žฅ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ผ๋ฉด ์ „ํ†ต๋ฌด์˜ˆ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ•์— ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์–ป์–ด ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋ฌด์ˆ  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์•ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜, ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์ธ ํŽธ์ด๋ผ ์ œ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ๋„ ๋ถˆํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๋‹ค ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฌด๋•๊ด€์—์„œ ์ œ๋ช…๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค.

ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‹จ์ฒด

ITF

๊ตญ์ œ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„ ์—ฐ๋งน (ITF, The International Taekwon-do Federation)์€ ์ตœํ™ํฌ๊ฐ€ 1966๋…„์— 9๊ฐœ๊ตญ(๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ, ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ๋“ฑ)์˜ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ ์„œ์šธ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์กฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ์ฝ˜ํƒํŠธ์ œ์˜ ๋ฃฐ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•œ๊ตญ๋งŒ์˜ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๋ฌด์ˆ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ 3600๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์ด 16๊ถŒ์˜ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„ ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์‚ฌ์ „์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ‹€(WTF์˜ ํ’ˆ์ƒˆ์— ํ•ด๋‹น)์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ ํ™”์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋”ฐ์˜จ ์ฒœ์ง€(ๅคฉๅœฐ), ์ค‘๊ทผ(้‡ๆ น), ์„ธ์ข…(ไธ–ๅฎ—), ํ†ต์ผ(็ตฑไธ€) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„ ์ฐฝ์‹œ์ž๋ฅผ ์ตœํ™ํฌ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1972๋…„, ์„ค๋ฆฝ์ž์ธ ์ตœํ™ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ ์ •๊ถŒ๊ณผ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์œผ๋กœ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณธ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ง๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ๋ฏธ, ๋‚จ๋ฏธ, ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ, ์˜ค์„ธ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„, ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—๋„ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

WT

์„ธ๊ณ„ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„ ์—ฐ๋งน (WT, The World Taekwondo)๋Š” ์ตœํ™ํฌ๊ฐ€ 1972๋…„ ๋ง๋ช…ํ•œ ์ดํ›„, ๋‚จํ•œ์—์„œ 1973๋…„ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ๋‹จ์ฒด์—์„œ ์ฃผ๊ด€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ชธํ†ต์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ, ITF ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„์™€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. WT์˜ ํ’ˆ์ƒˆ์—๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ ค(้ซ˜้บ—), ๊ธˆ๊ฐ•(้‡‘ๅ‰›) ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ช…์นญ์ด ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. WT๋Š” ITF์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์„ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์žก์•„ โ€œ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํƒ๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฉ€๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํ™”๋ž‘๋„์™€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ•๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.โ€๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„  ์ด๊ฒฌ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์˜์–ด ์•ฝ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚ดํฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋œป์„ ์›์ฒœ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ ์ž 2017๋…„ World Taekwondo (WT) ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

KTA

์„ธ๊ณ„ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„ ์—ฐ๋งน (WTF) ์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ง€๋ถ€์ธ ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„ ํ˜‘ํšŒ (KTA, The Korea Taekwondo Association)๋Š” 1960๋…„์— ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋Œ€ํ•œํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„ํ˜‘ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1965๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„ํ˜‘ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์นญ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2004๋…„ 10์›” 28์ผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋ฌธํ™”์ฒด์œก๊ด€๊ด‘๋ถ€ ์†Œ๊ด€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ๋ฒ•์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.